Annotated Bibliography
Jefferson, V. (2006). The ethical dilemma of genetically modified food. Journal of Environmental Health, 69(1), 33-4. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/219708991?accountid=2614
Describes that genetically modified organisms are genes selected from plants or animals transferred from one organism to another. Explains that some people think they are good since they could solve world hunger and others think they are bad since they could destroy natural habitats and there is no way to control the pollution from GMOs to natural plants. It was helpful because it helps answer my question of are GMOs good or bad and partly answers my question of how they are made. I can use it to form an opinion on whether the negatives do or don’t outweigh the positives.
Abstract: “The collective term ‘genetically modified organisms,’ or GMOs, is used frequently in regulatory documents and in the scientific literature to describe ‘plants, animals and microorganisms which have had DNA introduced into them by means other than by combination of an egg and a sperm or by natural bacterial conjugation’ (Institute of Food Science & Technology, 2004). The high societal costs associated with rapid destruction of natural habitats and agricultural productive capacity may be most extreme in the developing countries of the tropics, where a wealth of genetic resources vital to U.S. agriculture is endangered.”
The Science of GMOs (Penn State Ag Science Magazine). (n.d.). Retrieved November 8, 2015, from
http://agsci.psu.edu/magazine/articles/2015/spring-summer/the-science-of-gmos
Explains that GMO's are created using natural enzymes to cut a gene from one organism and then they insert it into another organism. Most people believe GMOs to be bad (Only 37% think they are good), while 88% of scientists think GMOs are safe. This article provided me with more in depth explanations and studies on GMOs and gives statistics and explains how they work, it used helpful pictures to explain and had pros and cons.
Key, S., Ma, J., & Drake, P. (n.d.). Genetically modified plants and human health. Retrieved November 8, 2015, from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2408621/
Had examples of GMOs of different categories including food, animals, and medicine. It spoke of the different ways to make GMOs and addressed the negative opinions of them and how those were wrong. It was a good source because it gave study examples and had a lot of content that went with my question.
Abstract: “Genetically modified (or GM) plants have attracted a large amount of media attention in recent years and continue to do so. Despite this, the general public remains largely unaware of what a GM plant actually is or what advantages and disadvantages the technology has to offer, particularly with regard to the range of applications for which they can be used. From the first generation of GM crops, two main areas of concern have emerged, namely risk to the environment and risk to human health. As GM plants are gradually being introduced into the European Union there is likely to be increasing public concern regarding potential health issues. Although it is now commonplace for the press to adopt ‘health campaigns’, the information they publish is often unreliable and unrepresentative of the available scientific evidence. We consider it important that the medical profession should be aware of the state of the art, and, as they are often the first port of call for a concerned patient, be in a position to provide an informed opinion.
This review will examine how GM plants may impact on human health both directly – through applications targeted at nutrition and enhancement of recombinant medicine production – but also indirectly, through potential effects on the environment. Finally, it will examine the most important opposition currently facing the worldwide adoption of this technology: public opinion.”
Burke, D. (1998). Why all the fuss about genetically modified food?: Much depends on who benefits. British Medical Journal, 316(7148), 1845-6. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/204002051?accountid=2614
Speaks of how GMO's are made and about the fact that consumers are alright with GMOs that are beneficial to them, but if they only aid the producer than they are against that particular GMO It had helpful points on why people are against GMOs, but the article is a little old and the process of how we now make GMOs may be different, but it still gives a better understanding of the process.
Abstract: “Consumers should not be so concerned about genetically modified food--the practice has been carried on for centuries through plant breeding. New technology merely allows plant breeders to isolate specific genes to produce crops that do not rot so quickly or are resistant to herbicides.”
Millis, N. (n.d.). Genetically modified organisms. Retrieved November 8, 2015, from
http://155.187.2.69/soe/2006/publications/emerging/gmo/pubs/gmo.pdf
GMOs are created by cutting a small piece of DNA from one organism and introducing it into the DNA of another that it usually wouldn’t be able to mix with. It lists the pros such as they can make vitamins and cons such as pollen may carry or they may make a toxin or allergen. This was a good source because it clearly listed the negatives and benefits of GMOs and gave me another description about the creation of GMOs.
Genetically Modified Foods. (n.d.). Retrieved December 17, 2015, from
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/science/gmfoods/
People fear that by planting new, genetically modified organisms it will get rid of the old versions of them, which will expose us to diseases that we may not have a cure to since we got rid of those organisms. Allergies are also a concern since the U.S. doesn’t require labels for GMOs and people may have reactions to them. This was a good source since it not only gave fears of GMOs, but it also gave thorough explanations of them. It also described some of the benefits of them.
Schneider, K., Goodrich Schneider, R., & Richardson, S. (n.d.). Genetically Modified Food1. Retrieved December 17, 2015, from https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fs084
Gives examples of why people are more aware of GMOs, like Starlink, and explains some fears of them. Explains the benefits for people. Has examples of types of foods that are genetically modified, the most common one is corn. This article gave me examples of different types of GMOs and it also added on to some of the knowledge I already knew.
Powell, C. (2015, August 9). Science in the News. Retrieved February 08, 2016, from
http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2015/how-to-make-a-gmo/
This website has a detailed chart that shows the steps to making a GMO when using a gene gun. It also elaborates on the drawing with a list of steps that describe the process in detail and give examples of instances these processes have been used for.
Abstract: “Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms that have been altered using genetic engineering methods. Although genetic engineering is a common and essential practice in biotechnology, its specific use in crops is controversial. The key steps involved in genetic engineering are identifying a trait of interest, isolating that trait, inserting that trait into a desired organism, and then propagating that organism. Methods for genetic manipulation have rapidly improved over the last century from simple selective breeding, to inserting genes from one organism into another, to more recent methods of directly editing the genome.”
How Are GMOs Made? (n.d.). Retrieved February 08, 2016, from
http://archive.hudsonalpha.org/education/kits/gmod/gmos-made
From this website I learned important terms such as restriction endonuclease, trans-gene, sticky end, and blunt end. I found that restriction endonucleases can cut the double stranded DNA in two ways, with sticky ends and blunt ends. There were also pictures to show the cutting of the DNA using the two ways. Scientists take out the harmful part of a virus and then insert the the target gene to go to the host cells to replicate. This website was very helpful in expanding my vocabulary for the GMO terms and it explained the creation process better than others.
Kelly, M. (2012, October 30). Top 7 Genetically Modified Crops. Retrieved February 09, 2016, from
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/margie-kelly/genetically-modified-food_b_2039455.html
This article gave a list of common GMOs and statistics of their amounts. It told me more about how GMOs are used and that it is difficult to know what contains GMOs and what doesn’t since they aren’t labeled. This website was helpful because I learned more percentages of how much GMOs are used and what the most common GMOs are.
Phillips, T. (2008). Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs): Transgenic Crops and Recombinant DNA Technology. Retrieved March 07, 2016, from http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/genetically-modified-organisms-gmos-transgenic-crops-and-732
This article had a chart that listed and explained approved and developing GMOs. It also explained more opinions of them and what they could provide for the world in the future. It was helpful because it added to my list of GMOs and it had ideas and knowledge I hadn’t yet heard of.
Describes that genetically modified organisms are genes selected from plants or animals transferred from one organism to another. Explains that some people think they are good since they could solve world hunger and others think they are bad since they could destroy natural habitats and there is no way to control the pollution from GMOs to natural plants. It was helpful because it helps answer my question of are GMOs good or bad and partly answers my question of how they are made. I can use it to form an opinion on whether the negatives do or don’t outweigh the positives.
Abstract: “The collective term ‘genetically modified organisms,’ or GMOs, is used frequently in regulatory documents and in the scientific literature to describe ‘plants, animals and microorganisms which have had DNA introduced into them by means other than by combination of an egg and a sperm or by natural bacterial conjugation’ (Institute of Food Science & Technology, 2004). The high societal costs associated with rapid destruction of natural habitats and agricultural productive capacity may be most extreme in the developing countries of the tropics, where a wealth of genetic resources vital to U.S. agriculture is endangered.”
The Science of GMOs (Penn State Ag Science Magazine). (n.d.). Retrieved November 8, 2015, from
http://agsci.psu.edu/magazine/articles/2015/spring-summer/the-science-of-gmos
Explains that GMO's are created using natural enzymes to cut a gene from one organism and then they insert it into another organism. Most people believe GMOs to be bad (Only 37% think they are good), while 88% of scientists think GMOs are safe. This article provided me with more in depth explanations and studies on GMOs and gives statistics and explains how they work, it used helpful pictures to explain and had pros and cons.
Key, S., Ma, J., & Drake, P. (n.d.). Genetically modified plants and human health. Retrieved November 8, 2015, from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2408621/
Had examples of GMOs of different categories including food, animals, and medicine. It spoke of the different ways to make GMOs and addressed the negative opinions of them and how those were wrong. It was a good source because it gave study examples and had a lot of content that went with my question.
Abstract: “Genetically modified (or GM) plants have attracted a large amount of media attention in recent years and continue to do so. Despite this, the general public remains largely unaware of what a GM plant actually is or what advantages and disadvantages the technology has to offer, particularly with regard to the range of applications for which they can be used. From the first generation of GM crops, two main areas of concern have emerged, namely risk to the environment and risk to human health. As GM plants are gradually being introduced into the European Union there is likely to be increasing public concern regarding potential health issues. Although it is now commonplace for the press to adopt ‘health campaigns’, the information they publish is often unreliable and unrepresentative of the available scientific evidence. We consider it important that the medical profession should be aware of the state of the art, and, as they are often the first port of call for a concerned patient, be in a position to provide an informed opinion.
This review will examine how GM plants may impact on human health both directly – through applications targeted at nutrition and enhancement of recombinant medicine production – but also indirectly, through potential effects on the environment. Finally, it will examine the most important opposition currently facing the worldwide adoption of this technology: public opinion.”
Burke, D. (1998). Why all the fuss about genetically modified food?: Much depends on who benefits. British Medical Journal, 316(7148), 1845-6. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/204002051?accountid=2614
Speaks of how GMO's are made and about the fact that consumers are alright with GMOs that are beneficial to them, but if they only aid the producer than they are against that particular GMO It had helpful points on why people are against GMOs, but the article is a little old and the process of how we now make GMOs may be different, but it still gives a better understanding of the process.
Abstract: “Consumers should not be so concerned about genetically modified food--the practice has been carried on for centuries through plant breeding. New technology merely allows plant breeders to isolate specific genes to produce crops that do not rot so quickly or are resistant to herbicides.”
Millis, N. (n.d.). Genetically modified organisms. Retrieved November 8, 2015, from
http://155.187.2.69/soe/2006/publications/emerging/gmo/pubs/gmo.pdf
GMOs are created by cutting a small piece of DNA from one organism and introducing it into the DNA of another that it usually wouldn’t be able to mix with. It lists the pros such as they can make vitamins and cons such as pollen may carry or they may make a toxin or allergen. This was a good source because it clearly listed the negatives and benefits of GMOs and gave me another description about the creation of GMOs.
Genetically Modified Foods. (n.d.). Retrieved December 17, 2015, from
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/science/gmfoods/
People fear that by planting new, genetically modified organisms it will get rid of the old versions of them, which will expose us to diseases that we may not have a cure to since we got rid of those organisms. Allergies are also a concern since the U.S. doesn’t require labels for GMOs and people may have reactions to them. This was a good source since it not only gave fears of GMOs, but it also gave thorough explanations of them. It also described some of the benefits of them.
Schneider, K., Goodrich Schneider, R., & Richardson, S. (n.d.). Genetically Modified Food1. Retrieved December 17, 2015, from https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fs084
Gives examples of why people are more aware of GMOs, like Starlink, and explains some fears of them. Explains the benefits for people. Has examples of types of foods that are genetically modified, the most common one is corn. This article gave me examples of different types of GMOs and it also added on to some of the knowledge I already knew.
Powell, C. (2015, August 9). Science in the News. Retrieved February 08, 2016, from
http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2015/how-to-make-a-gmo/
This website has a detailed chart that shows the steps to making a GMO when using a gene gun. It also elaborates on the drawing with a list of steps that describe the process in detail and give examples of instances these processes have been used for.
Abstract: “Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms that have been altered using genetic engineering methods. Although genetic engineering is a common and essential practice in biotechnology, its specific use in crops is controversial. The key steps involved in genetic engineering are identifying a trait of interest, isolating that trait, inserting that trait into a desired organism, and then propagating that organism. Methods for genetic manipulation have rapidly improved over the last century from simple selective breeding, to inserting genes from one organism into another, to more recent methods of directly editing the genome.”
How Are GMOs Made? (n.d.). Retrieved February 08, 2016, from
http://archive.hudsonalpha.org/education/kits/gmod/gmos-made
From this website I learned important terms such as restriction endonuclease, trans-gene, sticky end, and blunt end. I found that restriction endonucleases can cut the double stranded DNA in two ways, with sticky ends and blunt ends. There were also pictures to show the cutting of the DNA using the two ways. Scientists take out the harmful part of a virus and then insert the the target gene to go to the host cells to replicate. This website was very helpful in expanding my vocabulary for the GMO terms and it explained the creation process better than others.
Kelly, M. (2012, October 30). Top 7 Genetically Modified Crops. Retrieved February 09, 2016, from
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/margie-kelly/genetically-modified-food_b_2039455.html
This article gave a list of common GMOs and statistics of their amounts. It told me more about how GMOs are used and that it is difficult to know what contains GMOs and what doesn’t since they aren’t labeled. This website was helpful because I learned more percentages of how much GMOs are used and what the most common GMOs are.
Phillips, T. (2008). Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs): Transgenic Crops and Recombinant DNA Technology. Retrieved March 07, 2016, from http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/genetically-modified-organisms-gmos-transgenic-crops-and-732
This article had a chart that listed and explained approved and developing GMOs. It also explained more opinions of them and what they could provide for the world in the future. It was helpful because it added to my list of GMOs and it had ideas and knowledge I hadn’t yet heard of.